Compare and contrast the humoral and cell mediated response focusing on the mechanism by which they work and the triggers needed to stimulate each system.
Humoral: B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and fight disease in what is referred to as a humoral response by producing antibodies. Each activated B lymphocyte is estimated to secrete 2,000 antibodies per second over the cell's 4-5 day life span. They become stimulated by T lymphocytes or by free viruses and bacterial toxins floating in the blood. Cell-mediated: T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland and fight pathogens by what is called cell-mediated response. They are stimulated by body cells that have been infected with bacteria, viruses, and parasites and by antigen-presenting cells (APC's), which display foreign antigens on their surface. There are two main types of T cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Each responds to a different class of major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecule. Cytotoxic: have antigen receptors that bind to class I MHC molecules. When it binds a CD8 surface protein from the Tc cell holds the 2 together until the Tc cell is activated. When it is activated it proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells. Activated Tc cells attack and kill infected cells by releasing perforin, which causes the cell to lyse and die. Helper T: Th cells have receptors that bind to class II MHC molecules. When it binds a CD4 surface protein from the Th cell holds the 2 cells together until the Th cell is activated. When it is activated it proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells. Th cells stimulate Tc cells, B cells, and other Th cells by releasing the cytokines, interleukin-1 and interleukin-2
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
In the humoral response, B lymphocytes are activated by the presence of antigens introduced into the body. B cells then recognize the antigen and produce plasma B cells to form specific anti-bodies, and memory B cells. The anti-bodies specifically bind to the proteins on the antigen to prevent them from binding and infecting somatic cells. In the cell-mediated response, an antigen infects a somatic cell, and the cell presents the antigen on an MHC complex that is found inside the cell. MHC I proteins will call upon cytotoxic T cells to lyse the infected cell and produce more cT cells and memory T cells. If the antigen is presented on an MHC II protein, it will call upon Helper T cells to activate B cells by releasing cytokines and activate Cytotoxic T cells by releasing Interlueken 2 and Interlueken 1 to amplify the helper T cell's response.
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
Humoral: B cells kill the antigen. once a antigen presenting cell presents the antigen to the body. this causes the B cells to bind to the antigen presenting cell which stimulates the creation of plasma B cells for that specific type of antigen. these plasma B cells kill the antigen. Cell-mediated: a antigen presenting cell presents the antigen to the body. If the presented antigen is on a MHC 1 complex , then it will cause cytotoxic T cells to bind to it with a cD8 protein. this will cause the cytotoxic t cell to become active and begin to destroy the antigens by lysing them. If the presented antigen is on a MHC 2 complex, then the protein CD4 will bind it to a helper T cell, which makes more helper T cells, plasma B cells, or Cytotoxic T cells. Interlukin 1 and 2 are what cause the helper T cell to activate the other cells.
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
Humoral: B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and fight disease in what is referred to as a humoral response by producing antibodies. Each activated B lymphocyte is estimated to secrete 2,000 antibodies per second over the cell's 4-5 day life span. They become stimulated by T lymphocytes or by free viruses and bacterial toxins floating in the blood.
ReplyDeleteCell-mediated: T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland and fight pathogens by what is called cell-mediated response. They are stimulated by body cells that have been infected with bacteria, viruses, and parasites and by antigen-presenting cells (APC's), which display foreign antigens on their surface. There are two main types of T cells, cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Each responds to a different class of major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecule.
Cytotoxic: have antigen receptors that bind to class I MHC molecules. When it binds a CD8 surface protein from the Tc cell holds the 2 together until the Tc cell is activated. When it is activated it proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells. Activated Tc cells attack and kill infected cells by releasing perforin, which causes the cell to lyse and die.
Helper T: Th cells have receptors that bind to class II MHC molecules. When it binds a CD4 surface protein from the Th cell holds the 2 cells together until the Th cell is activated. When it is activated it proliferates and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells. Th cells stimulate Tc cells, B cells, and other Th cells by releasing the cytokines, interleukin-1 and interleukin-2
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
DeleteIn the humoral response, B lymphocytes are activated by the presence of antigens introduced into the body. B cells then recognize the antigen and produce plasma B cells to form specific anti-bodies, and memory B cells. The anti-bodies specifically bind to the proteins on the antigen to prevent them from binding and infecting somatic cells.
ReplyDeleteIn the cell-mediated response, an antigen infects a somatic cell, and the cell presents the antigen on an MHC complex that is found inside the cell. MHC I proteins will call upon cytotoxic T cells to lyse the infected cell and produce more cT cells and memory T cells. If the antigen is presented on an MHC II protein, it will call upon Helper T cells to activate B cells by releasing cytokines and activate Cytotoxic T cells by releasing Interlueken 2 and Interlueken 1 to amplify the helper T cell's response.
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
ReplyDeleteHumoral: B cells kill the antigen. once a antigen presenting cell presents the antigen to the body. this causes the B cells to bind to the antigen presenting cell which stimulates the creation of plasma B cells for that specific type of antigen. these plasma B cells kill the antigen.
ReplyDeleteCell-mediated: a antigen presenting cell presents the antigen to the body. If the presented antigen is on a MHC 1 complex , then it will cause cytotoxic T cells to bind to it with a cD8 protein. this will cause the cytotoxic t cell to become active and begin to destroy the antigens by lysing them. If the presented antigen is on a MHC 2 complex, then the protein CD4 will bind it to a helper T cell, which makes more helper T cells, plasma B cells, or Cytotoxic T cells. Interlukin 1 and 2 are what cause the helper T cell to activate the other cells.
In the cell mediated response, antigen presenting cells call on helper t cells through the Mhc class 2 proteins on their surface. Binding and activation is facilitated by cd4. Next helper t cells release interleukin 1 to call upon either helper t cells b lymphocytes or cytotoxic t cells to attack antigen. If the antigen presenting cell displays Mch class 1 proteins it will directly call upon cytotoxic t cells to bind to Mch 2 proteins through cd8. This will trigger the cytotoxic t cell to split into memory cell and plasma cell bodies. Plasma cell attacks by releasing perforin to perforate holes in antigen cell to kill it. The memory cell up takes a piece of antigen to acquire immunity. In the humoral response, b lymphocytes are stimulated by free viruses and bacterial toxins in he blood. These lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland, and release 2000 antibodies per second to destroy the free virus or bacterial toxin
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