Heterozygote superiority- Natural selection maintains two or more alleles at a particular locus exhibiting greater fitness than that of the homozygotes. Defined by genotype, it can represent either directional or stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phentoype and the genotype.
Resistence to antibiotics- The paradigm of natural selection through adaptation. Antibiotics often kill the bacteria they are designed to have an affect on. Exposure to the antibiotic over and over again causes mutation and adaptation for an immunity towards the antibiotic. This immunity is gained by only a select few in the bacterial population, the "alpha males" if you will. These bacteria are the few that survive while the rest die off; however, these bacteria reproduce and pass their immunity trait onto their offspring, repopulating the bacterial population to be completely immune to the antibiotic.
Speciation- The allelic frequency changes mentioned before in "resistance to antibiotics" demonstrates natural selection and its role in evolution. These allelic changes may also lead to speciation, either allopatrically or because of a reproductive barrier. A population divided by distance or reproductive barriers will exhibit allelic changes, which are inheritted by the offspring of the first generation and thus proliferates throughout the population.
Polyploidy- Polyploidy can work against or for natural selection. In many cases, the interbreeding of members of two distinctly different species will produce sterile offspring, which via the "survival of the fittest" nature of natural selection will not survive. However in plants, polyploidy produces viable offspring that make up many of today's vital agricultural crops. Over 80% of all plant species exhibit polyploidy, a testament to the success of polyploidy in the context of natural selection in plants.
Convergent Evolution- The principles of natural selection are in effect in cases of convergent evolution, where indepedent evolution of similar features occurs in species living in different locations. Members of each species face obstacles to survival with similar solutions in the form of new adaptations. While the obstacle ravages the current generation of both populations, a few of the members will mutate and gain a positive adaptation to help them survive the condition. Over time, these members reproduce with each other, thus passing on their trait to their offspring and ensuring the survival of a new population of the species. The two species facing the same obstacle will likely adapt similar structures or traits, such as the existence of two different types of flying squirrels in North America and Australia.
a) Heterozygote superiority- is the greater reproduction success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygote's. Defined by genotype, heterozygote superiority represents directional or stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phenotype and the genotype.
b) Resistence to antibiotics- Antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria. However, if someone is constantly exposed to an antibiotic this causes a mutation and adaptation of the bacteria for an immunity towards the antibiotic. The antibiotic immune bacteria survive while the rest die off. Moreover, these bacteria reproduce and pass their immunity trait onto their offspring.
c) Speciation- is an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. Allelic changes can lead to speciation, through allopatric speciation or a reproductive barrier. A population divided by reproductive barriers will exhibit allelic changes, which are inherited by the offspring of the first generation and then they reproduce creating a new species.
d) Polyploidy- is a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accidental cell division. The interbreeding of members of two distinctly different species will produce sterile offspring, which because of the nature of natural selection will not survive.
e) Convergent Evolution- is the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. A few members of each population mutate and gain a positive adaptation to help them survive the condition. Eventually, they reproduce, passing on their trait to their offspring and ensuring the survival of a new population of the species.
a. Convergent evolution is the acquirement of similar traits between species that are completely unrelated to each other. Natural selection favors the same trait in different environments, resulting in the same characteristics. For example, flight in birds and in insects were came about independently because of natural selection.
b. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics. They are favored by natural selection since they are the only ones that survive when antibiotics are taken. These eventually reproduce and the entire species of bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant.
c. Speciation often occurs because of a geographic barrier separating two groups of the same species. Natural selection results in the evolution of the two groups based on what traits would be favorable for their different environments, eventually resulting in the formation of a new species.
d. Heterozygotes are dominant because it is highly unlikely that different parents would have the same mutations. Heterozygotes very rarely have damaging mutations and are therefore favored by natural selection.
e. Polyploidy is detrimental in humans because natural selection favors those with 23 chromosomes. However, polyploidy is one of the main causes for sympatric speciation in plants. The polyploids eventually evolve independently from the remainder of the population, resulting in the formation of a new species.
A. Convergent Evolution: Convergent evolution is the evolution of analogous features in separate evolutionary lines. This can occur when some members of various populations mutate and then gain an adaptation giving them an advantage allowing them to survive better in a condition. Later on they pass on their positive trait to offspring through reproduction which makes sure this new population of species will survive.
B. Speciation:Is a process of evolution where one species becomes two or more different species. Sometimes changes in the allelic frequency can result in speciation, also through allopatric speciation or post zygotic and prezygotic barriers. Sometimes physical barriers like geographical barriers can exhibit these changes which are then inherited by offspring of the first generation and then reproduce creating new species.
C. Polyploidy: Polyploidy is a change in chromosomes where an organism has more than 2 complete chromosome sets. Sometimes this occurs because of an accidental cell division. When members of two different species mate, they will create sterile offspring, which will not survive because of natural selection.
D. Resistance to Antibiotics: Antibiotics are made to kill bacteria instantly. Sometimes if someone constantly exposes bacteria to the antibiotics, they will then mutate and become resistant to the antibiotics. The antibiotic bacteria will then have a higher chance of survival and reproduce,creating a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
E. Heterozygote Superiority: Heterozygote Superiority is the greater success of mating between heterozygous parents rather than that of homozygous parents. By definition Heterozygote superiority represents the stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phenotype and genotype.
A. Convergent evolution is the result of similar environmental pressures on different lineages of species that give rise to similar evolutionary traits between different species. Good examples of convergent evolution are analogous structures between two species, where both share similar traits but are not related to a recent common ancestor. (ex. flight/wings in birds and bats)
B. Resistance to antibiotics is a trait normally found in pathogens. In some cases, bacteria adapt and mutate to overlong exposure of antibiotics and obtain an R plasmid that contains resistance genes to combat antibiotics. Through asexual or sexual reproduction, the ability ti resist antibiotics spread in a population of bacteria.
C. Speciation is the process of a different species diverging from a common ancestor. This can occur through the formation of reproductive barriers between members of a species. Speciation can result in better adapted species when faced with new environmental factors.
D. Heterozygote superiority occurs when two homozygous parents with different genotypes mate to produce viable heterozygous offspring or hybrids that genetically express some sort of superiority or advantage over their parents. This can either be immunity to a certain sickness, or a physical change that is beneficial towards the organism. This will eventually give rise to larger hybrid population.
E. Polyploidy results from an accident that may occur during cell division, especially during meiosis that can result in an extra set of chromosomes being adopted. In animals, polyploidy can be harmful and result in developmental issues or sterility in the offspring. However, in most cases for plants,polyploidy can result in better yielding or better adapted offspring.
1. In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. It is the opposite of divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. On a molecular level, this can happen due to random mutation unrelated to adaptive changes. In cultural evolution, convergent evolution is the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures. An example of convergent evolution is the similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats.
2. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population.
3. Speciation refers to the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. There are three main ideas concerning the emergence of new species (Modes of Speciation), each based on the degree to which populations undergoing this process are geographically isolated from one another (allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, parapatric speciation).
4. Heterozygote advantage is the superior fitness often seen in hybrids, the cross between two dissimilar parents. A heterozygote is an organism with two different alleles, one donated from each parent. Fitness means the ability to survive and have offspring. Heterozygote advantage also refers more narrowly to superior fitness of an organism that is heterozygous for a particular gene, usually one carrying a disease.
5. Polyploidy is the process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes. T In general, polyploid organisms contain a multiple or combination of the chromosome sets found in the same or a closely related diploid species. Polyploidy can arise from spontaneous somatic chromosome duplication, or as a result of non-disjunction of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis resulting in diploid gametes. Polyploidy can occur in all or most somatic cells of the organism or it can be restricted to a specific tissue.
Convergent evolution- is the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Natural selection favors the same trait in different environments, resulting in the same characteristics. For example Goby dorsal finned is like the lumpsuckers, yet they are not related. Resistant to antibiotics- Antibiotics often times kill the bacteria they are designated to react against. However over time the bacteria mutates and adapts to the antibiotics to a point where it is unharmed. This can happen in as early as 20 minutes. Speciation- Speciation refers to the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.There are three main ideas concerning the emergence of new species, each based on the degree to which populations undergoing this process are geographically isolated from one another (allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, parapatric speciation).Natural selection forces the species that are geographically separated to adapt to the new environment thus creating new species.
Hetrozygote superiority- is the likelihood and the eventual success of mating occurring between hetrozygote rather than homozygote parents. Because of the continuous mating the superiority represents a directional/stabilizing traits that the species comes to have or adapt to.
Polyploidy- a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy in respect to natural can go both ways. In humans polyploidy leads to serioius diseases and life threatening conditions. In plants polyploidy can actually be benefitial to the species. Also in animals in many cases can lead to sterility as in the case of the mule (mix between donkey and horse).
A) convergent evolution - this is a similar solution to a similar problem. the 2 separate species mutate and adapt to their similar environments in a similar way. The older generation will eventually die out and the ones that adapted will reproduce to make new offspring. B)resistance to antibiotics - this can be seen when spraying antibiotics onto bacteria. Repeating this behavior will cause the bacteria to eventually mutate and adapt to the antibiotic. Natural selection will cause only the mutated/adapted bacteria to survive, while the other ones die off. C)speciation - certain factors such as split by distance, environmental obstacles, or reproductive barriers cause the species to be living and not interacting with each other long enough for them to develop distinct differences and be considered 2 different species. D) heterozygote superiority - this occurs when the heterozygous genotype is a more suitable adaptation to the environment than the homozygous genpotype's phenotype is. this causes the heterozygous to be the more prevelant in the environment. E)polyploidy - in plants poliploidy creates a positive effect on the plant. It can also have a negative effect like causing fertile organisms which will not reproduce and not survive.
Heterozygote superiority- Natural selection maintains two or more alleles at a particular locus exhibiting greater fitness than that of the homozygotes. Defined by genotype, it can represent either directional or stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phentoype and the genotype.
ReplyDeleteResistence to antibiotics- The paradigm of natural selection through adaptation. Antibiotics often kill the bacteria they are designed to have an affect on. Exposure to the antibiotic over and over again causes mutation and adaptation for an immunity towards the antibiotic. This immunity is gained by only a select few in the bacterial population, the "alpha males" if you will. These bacteria are the few that survive while the rest die off; however, these bacteria reproduce and pass their immunity trait onto their offspring, repopulating the bacterial population to be completely immune to the antibiotic.
Speciation- The allelic frequency changes mentioned before in "resistance to antibiotics" demonstrates natural selection and its role in evolution. These allelic changes may also lead to speciation, either allopatrically or because of a reproductive barrier. A population divided by distance or reproductive barriers will exhibit allelic changes, which are inheritted by the offspring of the first generation and thus proliferates throughout the population.
Polyploidy- Polyploidy can work against or for natural selection. In many cases, the interbreeding of members of two distinctly different species will produce sterile offspring, which via the "survival of the fittest" nature of natural selection will not survive. However in plants, polyploidy produces viable offspring that make up many of today's vital agricultural crops. Over 80% of all plant species exhibit polyploidy, a testament to the success of polyploidy in the context of natural selection in plants.
Convergent Evolution- The principles of natural selection are in effect in cases of convergent evolution, where indepedent evolution of similar features occurs in species living in different locations. Members of each species face obstacles to survival with similar solutions in the form of new adaptations. While the obstacle ravages the current generation of both populations, a few of the members will mutate and gain a positive adaptation to help them survive the condition. Over time, these members reproduce with each other, thus passing on their trait to their offspring and ensuring the survival of a new population of the species. The two species facing the same obstacle will likely adapt similar structures or traits, such as the existence of two different types of flying squirrels in North America and Australia.
a) Heterozygote superiority- is the greater reproduction success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygote's. Defined by genotype, heterozygote superiority represents directional or stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phenotype and the genotype.
ReplyDeleteb) Resistence to antibiotics- Antibiotics are designed to kill bacteria. However, if someone is constantly exposed to an antibiotic this causes a mutation and adaptation of the bacteria for an immunity towards the antibiotic. The antibiotic immune bacteria survive while the rest die off. Moreover, these bacteria reproduce and pass their immunity trait onto their offspring.
c) Speciation- is an evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. Allelic changes can lead to speciation, through allopatric speciation or a reproductive barrier. A population divided by reproductive barriers will exhibit allelic changes, which are inherited by the offspring of the first generation and then they reproduce creating a new species.
d) Polyploidy- is a chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than 2 complete chromosome sets. It is the result of an accidental cell division. The interbreeding of members of two distinctly different species will produce sterile offspring, which because of the nature of natural selection will not survive.
e) Convergent Evolution- is the evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. A few members of each population mutate and gain a positive adaptation to help them survive the condition. Eventually, they reproduce, passing on their trait to their offspring and ensuring the survival of a new population of the species.
a. Convergent evolution is the acquirement of similar traits between species that are completely unrelated to each other. Natural selection favors the same trait in different environments, resulting in the same characteristics. For example, flight in birds and in insects were came about independently because of natural selection.
ReplyDeleteb. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics. They are favored by natural selection since they are the only ones that survive when antibiotics are taken. These eventually reproduce and the entire species of bacteria becomes antibiotic resistant.
c. Speciation often occurs because of a geographic barrier separating two groups of the same species. Natural selection results in the evolution of the two groups based on what traits would be favorable for their different environments, eventually resulting in the formation of a new species.
d. Heterozygotes are dominant because it is highly unlikely that different parents would have the same mutations. Heterozygotes very rarely have damaging mutations and are therefore favored by natural selection.
e. Polyploidy is detrimental in humans because natural selection favors those with 23 chromosomes. However, polyploidy is one of the main causes for sympatric speciation in plants. The polyploids eventually evolve independently from the remainder of the population, resulting in the formation of a new species.
A. Convergent Evolution: Convergent evolution is the evolution of analogous features in separate evolutionary lines. This can occur when some members of various populations mutate and then gain an adaptation giving them an advantage allowing them to survive better in a condition. Later on they pass on their positive trait to offspring through reproduction which makes sure this new population of species will survive.
ReplyDeleteB. Speciation:Is a process of evolution where one species becomes two or more different species. Sometimes changes in the allelic frequency can result in speciation, also through allopatric speciation or post zygotic and prezygotic barriers. Sometimes physical barriers like geographical barriers can exhibit these changes which are then inherited by offspring of the first generation and then reproduce creating new species.
C. Polyploidy: Polyploidy is a change in chromosomes where an organism has more than 2 complete chromosome sets. Sometimes this occurs because of an accidental cell division. When members of two different species mate, they will create sterile offspring, which will not survive because of natural selection.
D. Resistance to Antibiotics: Antibiotics are made to kill bacteria instantly. Sometimes if someone constantly exposes bacteria to the antibiotics, they will then mutate and become resistant to the antibiotics. The antibiotic bacteria will then have a higher chance of survival and reproduce,creating a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
E. Heterozygote Superiority: Heterozygote Superiority is the greater success of mating between heterozygous parents rather than that of homozygous parents. By definition Heterozygote superiority represents the stabilizing direction depending on the relationship between the phenotype and genotype.
A. Convergent evolution is the result of similar environmental pressures on different lineages of species that give rise to similar evolutionary traits between different species. Good examples of convergent evolution are analogous structures between two species, where both share similar traits but are not related to a recent common ancestor. (ex. flight/wings in birds and bats)
ReplyDeleteB. Resistance to antibiotics is a trait normally found in pathogens. In some cases, bacteria adapt and mutate to overlong exposure of antibiotics and obtain an R plasmid that contains resistance genes to combat antibiotics. Through asexual or sexual reproduction, the ability ti resist antibiotics spread in a population of bacteria.
C. Speciation is the process of a different species diverging from a common ancestor. This can occur through the formation of reproductive barriers between members of a species. Speciation can result in better adapted species when faced with new environmental factors.
D. Heterozygote superiority occurs when two homozygous parents with different genotypes mate to produce viable heterozygous offspring or hybrids that genetically express some sort of superiority or advantage over their parents. This can either be immunity to a certain sickness, or a physical change that is beneficial towards the organism. This will eventually give rise to larger hybrid population.
E. Polyploidy results from an accident that may occur during cell division, especially during meiosis that can result in an extra set of chromosomes being adopted. In animals, polyploidy can be harmful and result in developmental issues or sterility in the offspring. However, in most cases for plants,polyploidy can result in better yielding or better adapted offspring.
1. In evolutionary biology, convergent evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. It is the opposite of divergent evolution, where related species evolve different traits. On a molecular level, this can happen due to random mutation unrelated to adaptive changes. In cultural evolution, convergent evolution is the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures. An example of convergent evolution is the similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats.
ReplyDelete2. Antibiotic resistance is the ability of a microorganism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance. Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered by applying an evolutionary stress on a population.
3. Speciation refers to the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. There are three main ideas concerning the emergence of new species (Modes of Speciation), each based on the degree to which populations undergoing this process are geographically isolated from one another (allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, parapatric speciation).
4. Heterozygote advantage is the superior fitness often seen in hybrids, the cross between two dissimilar parents. A heterozygote is an organism with two different alleles, one donated from each parent. Fitness means the ability to survive and have offspring. Heterozygote advantage also refers more narrowly to superior fitness of an organism that is heterozygous for a particular gene, usually one carrying a disease.
5. Polyploidy is the process of genome doubling that gives rise to organisms with multiple sets of chromosomes. T In general, polyploid organisms contain a multiple or combination of the chromosome sets found in the same or a closely related diploid species. Polyploidy can arise from spontaneous somatic chromosome duplication, or as a result of non-disjunction of the homologous chromosomes during meiosis resulting in diploid gametes. Polyploidy can occur in all or most somatic cells of the organism or it can be restricted to a specific tissue.
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ReplyDeleteConvergent evolution- is the process whereby organisms not closely related independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches. Natural selection favors the same trait in different environments, resulting in the same characteristics. For example Goby dorsal finned is like the lumpsuckers, yet they are not related.
ReplyDeleteResistant to antibiotics- Antibiotics often times kill the bacteria they are designated to react against. However over time the bacteria mutates and adapts to the antibiotics to a point where it is unharmed. This can happen in as early as 20 minutes.
Speciation- Speciation refers to the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.There are three main ideas concerning the emergence of new species, each based on the degree to which populations undergoing this process are geographically isolated from one another (allopatric speciation, sympatric speciation, parapatric speciation).Natural selection forces the species that are geographically separated to adapt to the new environment thus creating new species.
Hetrozygote superiority- is the likelihood and the eventual success of mating occurring between hetrozygote rather than homozygote parents. Because of the continuous mating the superiority represents a directional/stabilizing traits that the species comes to have or adapt to.
Polyploidy- a term used to describe cells and organisms containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Polyploidy in respect to natural can go both ways. In humans polyploidy leads to serioius diseases and life threatening conditions. In plants polyploidy can actually be benefitial to the species. Also in animals in many cases can lead to sterility as in the case of the mule (mix between donkey and horse).
A) convergent evolution - this is a similar solution to a similar problem. the 2 separate species mutate and adapt to their similar environments in a similar way. The older generation will eventually die out and the ones that adapted will reproduce to make new offspring.
ReplyDeleteB)resistance to antibiotics - this can be seen when spraying antibiotics onto bacteria. Repeating this behavior will cause the bacteria to eventually mutate and adapt to the antibiotic. Natural selection will cause only the mutated/adapted bacteria to survive, while the other ones die off.
C)speciation - certain factors such as split by distance, environmental obstacles, or reproductive barriers cause the species to be living and not interacting with each other long enough for them to develop distinct differences and be considered 2 different species.
D) heterozygote superiority - this occurs when the heterozygous genotype is a more suitable adaptation to the environment than the homozygous genpotype's phenotype is. this causes the heterozygous to be the more prevelant in the environment.
E)polyploidy - in plants poliploidy creates a positive effect on the plant. It can also have a negative effect like causing fertile organisms which will not reproduce and not survive.