Oftentimes meiosis II is compared to mitosis.
a. Explain what the correlation is between the two processes.
b. In what three ways does meiosis help promote variation within a population? Please explain your answers.
A) Both Mitosis and meiosis go through the same stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis II is the second stage of the process of Meiosis in which gametes (sex cells) replicate so that each cell has half the genetic information of the parent cell. In Anaphase of Meiosis II (after the homologous pairs of chromosomes have been pulled apart in Meiosis I) the two sister chromatids for each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and become a part of two daughter cells (this process happens simotaniously with the other daughter cell formed by Meiosis I). However in Mitosis, the first difference is that the cell only divides once and forms tow IDENTICAL daughter cells( where as in meiosis 4 different daughter cells are formed)
B) Crossing-over and Independent assortment promote variation within a population. The process of meiosis can lead to variation in a population by the random sorting of chromosomes along with crossover events. Variation is necessary for natural selection. The pattern of inheritance of the sex chromosomes determines an individual’s sex. Human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX). Human males have an X and a Y chromosome (XY).
A) similarities' both processes produce a net gain of cells, and both involve the processes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase differences meiosis produces 4 different daughter cells and mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells
B) the 4 different daughter cells contribute to the large variety that can be available. Crosssing over of chromosomes is another way variation can occur. and the fact that they are assembled at random, will lead to the human race having a variation.
Both Meiosis II and Mitosis follow the same basic steps of cell division, the steps being prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telaphase. In humans, Meiosis II begins with 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each. The end result of Meiosis II in humans is four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each. Thus, Meiosis II is virtually the same process as mitosis, since they both split each cell into two cells with the same number of chromosomes in each cell as it started with. However, mitosis forms identical daughter cells while meiosis II does not because of what happens to the original cell in meoisis I. Instead of forming two identical daughter cells from one cell like mitosis, meiosis I splits the cell into two haploid cells, each with half the information (chromosomes) that the original cell carried.
The three ways meiosis promotes genetic diversity is through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization. During meiosis I, segments of genes are exchanged between homologous chromosomes in a process called crossing over. These homologous chromosomes line up and overlap one another, forming structures called chaismata. The structure of the chaismata allows for genetic information to be transferred.
The law of independent assortment states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed and the allele pairs are then randomly brought together at fertilization.
Random fertilization is the random combination of chromosomes resulting from combining 1 of the 8.4 million possible chromosome combinations of a sperm with 1 of the 8.4 million possible chromosome combinations of an egg. This is also a result of the independent assortment of chromosomes during Meiosis.
A)Meoisis II is the second stage of the process of Meiosis in which gametes (sex cells) replicate so that each cell has HALF the genetic information of the parent cell. In Anaphase of Meiosis II (after the homologous pairs of chromosomes have been pulled apart in Meiosis I) the two sister chromatids for each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and become a part of two daughter cells (this process happens simotaniously with the other daughter cell formed by Meiosis I). However in Mitosis, the first difference is that the cell only divides once and forms tow IDENTICAL daughter cells( where as in meiosis 4 different daughter cells are formed). They are also similar cause they go through the same steps of cell divisons. B)During meiosis, the formation of eggs and sperm, the chromosomes sort out independently of each other so that each gamete gets only 1 set of chromosomes. But that set is partially maternal and partially paternal. The chromosomes of a sperm cell are a combination of some maternal chromosomes and paternal chromosomes. That is called Independent Assortment.
Add to that a process called crossing over, where chromosomes exchange portions with other, creating a chromosome with a unique combination of genes and you have more variation than you can imagine.
A) Meiosis II and Mitosis are similar because they both undergo the same processes of cell division: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telaphase. Also they both split one cell into 2 idetical cells. In Mitosis the 1 parent cell is split into 2 daughter cells. in Meiosis II the 2 diploid cells are split into 4 haploid cells. One difference is that Mitosis is asexual reproduction and Mitosis is sexual reproduction. Another is that Mitosis Makes Identical copies of the parent cell, in meiosis instead of making identical cells the 2 haploid cells have half the genetic information as the diploid cells. B) Three ways that Meiosis promotes variation is crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.
Crossing Over- During Meiosis when homologous chromosomes are paired together, there are points along the chromosomes that make contact with the other pair. When this happens the chromosomes exchange genetic information.
Independent assortment- is a process in which a random choosing and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of Meiosis, which results in the production of genetically unique gametes.
Random Fertilization- random combination of male and female chromosomes each being 1 in 8 million possible chromosomal combinations. Together they make a zygote that is made 1 out of 64 million possible genetic combination. thus making every single human being unique.
a. mitoses and meiosis ii are often compared to each other, but each of them have there similarities and differences. they both go through the process of cell division which is creating either identical or variations of a certain cell. But the differences of them is that mitosis creates identical copies during the cell division while meiosis ii creates variations of the starting cell. Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells when the cell is split, while meiosis ii creates four haploid cells from two diploid cells that are split.
b. causes for variation -
crossing over: this happens when the chromosomes exchange genetic information during the pairing of homologous chromosomes of meiosis, which creates variation.
independent assortment: during anaphase i of meiosis a random assortment of chromosomes occurs that causes different kinds of gametes to form during that process.
random fertilization: process of random pairing of unique male and unique female chromosomes which is making a one in eight million possible chromosomal combination. together they make a zygote that is made one out of sixty-four million possible genetic combinations
a) Both mitosis and meiosis go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. However, mitosis makes 2 identical daughter cells, and meiosis makes 4 different daughter cells. b) 1- Crossing over occurs at the stage when chromatids of homologous chromosomes pair up during synapsis, forming X-structure (chiasma). The chromatids break into segments (of matching regions), which are then exchanged with one another.Crossing over is important because it results in new combinations of genes that are different from either parent, contributing to genetic diversity. 2- Independent assortment is the process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes. 3- Random fertilization is a random event with many possible outcomes. To determine the probability that any one sperm will fertilized any particular egg, you multiply the probability of the separate events together. That is, 1 in over 8 million.
A) Meiosis II and Mitosis are often compared to each other because of their similar processes of cell division. Both undergo pro-phase, mitotic phase, and cytokinesis, in which the cell splits into two. However, mitosis forms 2 identical diploid daughter cells, while Meiosis II forms 4 haploid sex cells.
B)There are three main ways in which Meiosis helps promote variation within a species.
- During the beginning phases of Meiosis I, segments of genes are exchanged between homologous chromosomes in the process known as crossing-over.Some cells undergo this process while others don't, promoting different variations of sex cells.
- Independent assortment in Anaphase I of Meiosis randomly chooses alleles used to produce haploid gametes.
- With the two processes above, cells of an organism can create millions of variations of sex cells, and each one of these variations have the same chance to fertilize with the sex cell of another randomly chosen sex cell that belongs to another organism. This is known as random fertilization.
A) Both Mitosis and meiosis go through the same stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Meiosis II is the second stage of the process of Meiosis in which gametes (sex cells) replicate so that each cell has half the genetic information of the parent cell. In Anaphase of Meiosis II (after the homologous pairs of chromosomes have been pulled apart in Meiosis I) the two sister chromatids for each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and become a part of two daughter cells (this process happens simotaniously with the other daughter cell formed by Meiosis I). However in Mitosis, the first difference is that the cell only divides once and forms tow IDENTICAL daughter cells( where as in meiosis 4 different daughter cells are formed)
ReplyDeleteB) Crossing-over and Independent assortment promote variation within a population. The process of meiosis can lead to variation in a population by the random sorting of chromosomes along with crossover events. Variation is necessary for natural selection. The pattern of inheritance of the sex chromosomes determines an individual’s sex. Human females have a homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX). Human males have an X and a Y chromosome (XY).
A) similarities'
ReplyDeleteboth processes produce a net gain of cells, and both involve the processes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
differences
meiosis produces 4 different daughter cells and mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells
B) the 4 different daughter cells contribute to the large variety that can be available. Crosssing over of chromosomes is another way variation can occur. and the fact that they are assembled at random, will lead to the human race having a variation.
Both Meiosis II and Mitosis follow the same basic steps of cell division, the steps being prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telaphase. In humans, Meiosis II begins with 2 haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each. The end result of Meiosis II in humans is four haploid cells with 23 chromosomes each. Thus, Meiosis II is virtually the same process as mitosis, since they both split each cell into two cells with the same number of chromosomes in each cell as it started with. However, mitosis forms identical daughter cells while meiosis II does not because of what happens to the original cell in meoisis I. Instead of forming two identical daughter cells from one cell like mitosis, meiosis I splits the cell into two haploid cells, each with half the information (chromosomes) that the original cell carried.
ReplyDeleteThe three ways meiosis promotes genetic diversity is through crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization. During meiosis I, segments of genes are exchanged between homologous chromosomes in a process called crossing over. These homologous chromosomes line up and overlap one another, forming structures called chaismata. The structure of the chaismata allows for genetic information to be transferred.
The law of independent assortment states that the alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed and the allele pairs are then randomly brought together at fertilization.
Random fertilization is the random combination of chromosomes resulting from combining 1 of the 8.4 million possible chromosome combinations of a sperm with 1 of the 8.4 million possible chromosome combinations of an egg. This is also a result of the independent assortment of chromosomes during Meiosis.
A)Meoisis II is the second stage of the process of Meiosis in which gametes (sex cells) replicate so that each cell has HALF the genetic information of the parent cell. In Anaphase of Meiosis II (after the homologous pairs of chromosomes have been pulled apart in Meiosis I) the two sister chromatids for each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and become a part of two daughter cells (this process happens simotaniously with the other daughter cell formed by Meiosis I). However in Mitosis, the first difference is that the cell only divides once and forms tow IDENTICAL daughter cells( where as in meiosis 4 different daughter cells are formed). They are also similar cause they go through the same steps of cell divisons.
ReplyDeleteB)During meiosis, the formation of eggs and sperm, the chromosomes sort out independently of each other so that each gamete gets only 1 set of chromosomes. But that set is partially maternal and partially paternal. The chromosomes of a sperm cell are a combination of some maternal chromosomes and paternal chromosomes. That is called Independent Assortment.
Add to that a process called crossing over, where chromosomes exchange portions with other, creating a chromosome with a unique combination of genes and you have more variation than you can imagine.
A) Meiosis II and Mitosis are similar because they both undergo the same processes of cell division: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telaphase. Also they both split one cell into 2 idetical cells. In Mitosis the 1 parent cell is split into 2 daughter cells. in Meiosis II the 2 diploid cells are split into 4 haploid cells. One difference is that Mitosis is asexual reproduction and Mitosis is sexual reproduction. Another is that Mitosis Makes Identical copies of the parent cell, in meiosis instead of making identical cells the 2 haploid cells have half the genetic information as the diploid cells.
ReplyDeleteB) Three ways that Meiosis promotes variation is crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization.
Crossing Over- During Meiosis when homologous chromosomes are paired together, there are points along the chromosomes that make contact with the other pair. When this happens the chromosomes exchange genetic information.
Independent assortment- is a process in which a random choosing and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of Meiosis, which results in the production of genetically unique gametes.
Random Fertilization- random combination of male and female chromosomes each being 1 in 8 million possible chromosomal combinations. Together they make a zygote that is made 1 out of 64 million possible genetic combination. thus making every single human being unique.
a. mitoses and meiosis ii are often compared to each other, but each of them have there similarities and differences. they both go through the process of cell division which is creating either identical or variations of a certain cell. But the differences of them is that mitosis creates identical copies during the cell division while meiosis ii creates variations of the starting cell. Mitosis creates two identical daughter cells when the cell is split, while meiosis ii creates four haploid cells from two diploid cells that are split.
ReplyDeleteb. causes for variation -
crossing over: this happens when the chromosomes exchange genetic information during the pairing of homologous chromosomes of meiosis, which creates variation.
independent assortment: during anaphase i of meiosis a random assortment of chromosomes occurs that causes different kinds of gametes to form during that process.
random fertilization: process of random pairing of unique male and unique female chromosomes which is making a one in eight million possible chromosomal combination. together they make a zygote that is made one out of sixty-four million possible genetic combinations
a) Both mitosis and meiosis go through prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. However, mitosis makes 2 identical daughter cells, and meiosis makes 4 different daughter cells.
ReplyDeleteb) 1- Crossing over occurs at the stage when chromatids of homologous chromosomes pair up during synapsis, forming X-structure (chiasma). The chromatids break into segments (of matching regions), which are then exchanged with one another.Crossing over is important because it results in new combinations of genes that are different from either parent, contributing to genetic diversity.
2- Independent assortment is the process of random segregation and assortment of chromosomes during anaphase I of meiosis resulting in the production of genetically unique gametes.
3- Random fertilization is a random event with many possible outcomes. To determine the probability that any one sperm will fertilized any particular egg, you multiply the probability of the separate events together. That is, 1 in over 8 million.
A) Meiosis II and Mitosis are often compared to each other because of their similar processes of cell division. Both undergo pro-phase, mitotic phase, and cytokinesis, in which the cell splits into two. However, mitosis forms 2 identical diploid daughter cells, while Meiosis II forms 4 haploid sex cells.
ReplyDeleteB)There are three main ways in which Meiosis helps promote variation within a species.
- During the beginning phases of Meiosis I, segments of genes are exchanged between homologous chromosomes in the process known as crossing-over.Some cells undergo this process while others don't, promoting different variations of sex cells.
- Independent assortment in Anaphase I of Meiosis randomly chooses alleles used to produce haploid gametes.
- With the two processes above, cells of an organism can create millions of variations of sex cells, and each one of these variations have the same chance to fertilize with the sex cell of another randomly chosen sex cell that belongs to another organism. This is known as random fertilization.